Ocular androgen therapy in sjogren&#39;s syndrome

ABSTRACT

The topical application to the ocular surface or adjacent regions of the eye of a preparation containing a therapeutic amount of an androgen or androgen analogue is disclosed as a method of relieving the chronic and acute manifestation of dry eye symptoms in Sj ogren&#39;s syndrome.

Part of the work leading to this invention was made with United States Government funds. Therefore, the U.S. Government has certain rights in this invention.

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 07/871,657, filed Apr. 21, 1992, now abandoned entitled: OCULAR ANDROGEN THERAPY IN SJ OGREN'S SYNDROME.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to treating symptoms of Sj ogren's syndrome.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The preocular tear film plays an essential role in the maintenance of corneal integrity, the protection against microbial challenge and the preservation of visual acuity (1). These functions, in turn, are critically dependent upon the stability, tonicity and/or composition of the tear film structure, which includes an underlying mucin foundation, a substantial, middle aqueous component and an overlying lipid layer (1,2). Alteration, deficiency or absence of the tear film may lead to intractable desiccation of the corneal epithelium, ulceration and perforation of the cornea, an increased incidence of infectious disease, and ultimately, severe visual impairment and blindness (2,3).

Throughout the world, countless individuals suffer from tear film dysfunctions, which are collectively diagnosed as keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) or, simply, dry eye (1,2). These lacrimal abnormalities may be subdivided into four general categories: (a) aqueous tear deficiencies, which are most frequently responsible for dry eye states, originate from lacrimal gland disorders and include autoimmune disease, congenital alacrima, paralytic hyposecretion or excretory duct obstruction; (b) mucin deficiency, which is observed in various conjunctival cicatrization conditions, such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome, trachoma, pemphigoid, thermal and chemical burns, as well as hypovitaminosis A; (c) lipid abnormalities, which may occur during eyelid inflammation (e.g. chronic blepharitis); and (d) diminished eyelid function (1).

By far, the greatest single cause of KCS worldwide, excluding those countries wherein trachoma remains epidemic, is Sj ogren's syndrome (2). This syndrome, which is the second most common autoimmune disease (7,14), occurs almost exclusively in females and is characterized by an insidious and progressive lymphocytic infiltration into the main and accessory lacrimal glands, an immune-mediated, extensive destruction of lacrimal acinar and ductal tissues and the consequent development of persistent KCS (7-10). In primary Sj ogren's syndrome, which afflicts about 50% of the patient population, the disease is also associated with an immunological disruption of the salivary gland and pronounced xerostomia. In secondary Sj ogren's, the disorder is accompanied by another disease, which is most often rheumatoid arthritis and less frequently systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, polymyositis, polyarteritis nodosa, Hashimoto's thyroiditis, chronic hepatobiliary disease, chronic pulmonary fibrosis, purpura hyperglobulinemia or Raynaud's phenomenon (2,11). During the course of Sj ogren's syndrome, autoimmune sequelae may also encompass focal lymphocytic adenitis of eccrine and mucosal glands, biliary cirrhosis, sclerosing cholangitis, pancreatitis, atrophic gastritis, interstitial nephritis and pneumonitis, peripheral vasculitis, B cell lymphoma and a diverse array of central and peripheral nervous system and skeletal muscle complications (12,13).

The etiology of Sj ogren's syndrome may be due to the interaction of numerous factors, including those of genetic, endocrine, neural, viral and environmental origin (15,16). However, a potential cause may relate to primary infection by, and reactivation of, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and/or cytomegalovirus (CMV) (17-20). These herpes viruses are present in lacrimal and salivary glands of Sj ogren's patients (17-20) and may induce the inappropriate HLA-DR expression, T helper/inducer cell activation, B cell hyperactivity and autoantibody production evident in these affected tissues (8). However, whether herpes, or even retroviral (21,22), action represents a cause of, or merely an epiphenomenon in, Sj ogren's syndrome remains to be determined (23-25).

At present, a perception is that Sj ogren's syndrome may be clinically irreversible (7), an autoimmune disease to be controlled, yet not cured (10). In the scientific literature, reports have suggested that systemic or topical administration of estrogens (4), cyclosporine A (6) or glucocorticoids (26) might alleviate the ocular manifestations of this disorder. However, other studies indicate that such pharmaceutical exposures are ineffective (27-29) and, in fact, may accelerate and/or amplify the disease (28,30). Indeed, estrogen action may be involved in the etiology of Sj ogren's syndrome (30,31).

Others have suggested that tear stimulants, such as bromhexine (32) or isobutylmethylxanthine (33), might improve ocular symptoms. These drug effects, though, may be subjective (34), susceptible to tachyphylaxis (4) and/or limited by the requirement for functional and responsive lacrimal tissue (4,35).

It has also been proposed that systemic androgen treatment might provide a potential therapy for Sj ogren's syndrome and its associated defects. This proposal is based upon the finding that autoimmune disorders commonly display a sexual dichotomy, with estrogens increasing disease severity in females and androgens suppressing autoimmune sequelae in males (15,16,36-38). In fact, systemic androgen therapy has been utilized to effectively diminish autoimmune expression in animals models of SLE, thyroiditis, polyarthritis and myasthenia gravis (15,38-43), as well as the human condition of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (44). However, research has also demonstrated that the systemic administration of androgens to patients with primary or secondary Sj ogren's syndrome or SLE is apparently unable to correct various peripheral manifestations of these disorders (49,54,55,62). In addition, systemic androgen treatment of female patients with Sj ogren's syndrome exposes these individuals to possible undesirable side effects, including virilization, menstrual irregularities (e.g., amenorrhea), hepatic dysfunction, edema, hematologic abnormalities, behavioral changes and metabolic alterations. Similarly, chronic treatment of males with systemic androgens has been characterized as dangerous (63), because of the numerous potential side effects. For these reasons, a recent report has indicated that systemic androgen therapy is inappropriate for the treatment of the multiple immune dysfunctions in Sj ogren's syndrome (63).

Others have suggested that anti-viral compounds may represent a new therapeutic approach for ocular disease in Sj ogren's syndrome. Researchers have speculated that such compounds may be effective in counteracting the viral (e.g., EBV- and/or CMV)-induced infection in lacrimal tissue, that may possibly precipitate the gland's immune-associated dysfunction (17,19,20). The potential efficacy of this strategy, though, is highly speculative: current scientific information does not show definitively that these viruses are directly involved in the pathogenesis or progression of Sj ogren's syndrome (23-25).

Therefore, the currently prescribed, therapeutic approach for the management of KCS in Sj ogren's syndrome is the frequent application of artificial tear substitutes, which permit lubrication of the eye's anterior surface (3,4,5,9,10). Unfortunately, this therapy does not represent a cure and does not ameliorate the inherent, ocular immunopathology and resulting KCS associated with this chronic, extremely uncomfortable and vision-threatening disease (3).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention generally features a new approach to the management of KCS in Sj ogren's syndrome, the topical application to the eye of a preparation containing a therapeutic amount of an androgen or androgen analogue. This method of treatment can alleviate the ocular manifestations of Sj ogren's syndrome, the special symptoms that cause great distress, while not exposing the patient to the possible undesirable side effects of systemic treatment.

In one aspect, the invention features a method for treating symptoms of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) that includes providing a therapeutic agent including an effective amount of an androgen or androgen analogue in a pharmaceutically acceptable substance, and administering said therapeutic agent topically to the ocular surface or immediate vicinity of an eye of a patient.

Preferably, the substance is phosphate buffered saline or a carrier substance such as hyaluronate and the androgen or androgen compound has unusual structural features; or the compound is a testosterone, 4,5α-dihydrotestos-terone, 17β-hydroxy-5α-androstane, or 19-nortestosterone derivative; or the compound is a nitgrogen-substituted androgen.

The invention also features the therapeutic composition used in the method of the invention.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments thereof and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Various androgen compounds, as herein discussed, significantly reduce the magnitude of lymphocyte infiltration in lacrimal tissue of animal models of Sj ogren's syndrome. The nature of androgen action on autoimmune expression in lacrimal tissue appears to be unique and lacrimal gland-specific. It also appears that this hormone effect is not linked to a generalized, systemic anti-inflammatory function. Building on these new discoveries, the method of the invention involves a rejection of the classical therapeutic approach to treatment for Sj ogren's syndrome, a belief that any administered therapeutic agent must be able to control all aspects of the disease. Because steroid hormones (e.g., glucocorticoids), with solubility characteristics analogous to those of androgens, rapidly gain access to adjacent ocular tissues after topical application (78), it is proposed, instead, that topical application of a therapeutic amount of an androgen or androgen analogue to the eye be used to treat the debilitating ocular manifestations of this disease. Topical application of a therapeutic androgen can provide for symptomatic relief of the worst ocular symptoms of Sj ogren's syndrome without the chance of the patient experiencing the undesirable side effects of systemic administration.

During the past decade, it has become increasingly recognized that the endocrine system exerts a tremendous, regulatory impact on immunological expression (15,16,36,37,45,64,65-68,69,70-76). The precise nature of this endocrine control, though, appears to be both cell- and tissue-specific (45). Thus, depending upon the target, the consequence of hormone action may be stimulation, antagonism or inhibition of immune function. Moreover, individual hormone effects on the immune system are often not generalized. Rather, endocrine influence may actually strengthen, diminish or elicit no effect on immunological activity in different tissues (45). Given this background, it is not surprising that the systemic administration of selected hormones (e.g., androgens) is unable to correct all immune defects in multidimensional, autoimmune disorders, such as Sj ogren's syndrome or SLE.

Yet, if appropriate endocrine therapy could be targeted to a specific, responsive tissue, hormone action could safely and effectively ameliorate an immunopathology located in that particular tissue. To relieve the symptoms that cause the most ocular distress in Sj ogren's syndrome, that targeted, responsive tissue is the lacrimal gland. Lipophilic, regulatory hormones applied locally on or adjacent to the ocular surface can act directly on accessory and main lacrimal tissues of Sj ogren's syndrome patients and suppress the disease-related glandular inflammation in these tissues. This effect would be completely independent of systemic hormone activity. The aim of this immunoendocrine interaction is to: (a) reduce lymphocyte infiltration in adjacent lacrimal tissue and thereby alleviate immune-mediated destruction, and lymphocyte compression, of acinar and ductal cells; (b) permit accessory and/or palpebral lacrimal glands to secrete basal tear volumes; and (c) avoid the side effects that parallel systemic exposure to these hormones. In effect, topical androgen treatment can generate functional regions of lacrimal tissue, thereby enhancing tear output and correcting the dry eye problem.

This pharmaceutical strategy has not been proposed previously. Most probably, this is because the mechanism of androgen action on immune function has been thought to be mediated through, or assisted by, factors from the thymus and hypothalamic-pituitary axis, or else involve direct effects on lymphocytes (37,65,68,77).

A critical requirement for the justification of topical ocular application therapy is to demonstrate that androgens suppress lacrimal gland immunopathology in Sj ogren's syndrome. In addition, it is important to show that this androgen action is targeted to lacrimal tissue, and independent of generalized, systemic effects. In the examples given below it is shown that all three of these criteria are met, i.e., that androgens do suppress lacrimal gland immunopathology in Sj ogren's syndrome, that androgen action is targeted to lacrimal tissue, and that androgen action is independent of generalized, systemic effects.

EXAMPLE I

Androgen influence on lacrimal gland immunopathology in the MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr mouse model of Sj ogren's syndrome (47)

The purpose of the following study was to determine whether androgen therapy might inhibit the progression of, or reverse, autoimmune disease in the lacrimal gland after the onset of Sj ogren's syndrome. Towards that end, the study utilized adult, female MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr (MRL/lpr) mice, which are an animal model for both Sj ogren's syndrome (50,51) and SLE (79,80). Lacrimal tissues of these mice, as in humans, contain multifocal and extensive lymphocytic infiltrates in perivascular and periductal areas, significant glandular disruption and marked fibrosis (50,51).

Physiological or supraphysiological levels of testosterone were administered systemically, and not topically, because the location of the lacrimal gland in mice is inaccessible from the ocular surface. The results demonstrated that androgens exert a significant impact on autoimmune expression in lacrimal glands of MRL/lpr female mice. Administration of testosterone for 17 or 34 days dramatically reduced the extent of lymphocyte infiltration in lacrimal tissue: this hormone action was time-dependent and involved marked diminutions in both infiltrate size and area. Moreover, hormone therapy appeared to reverse the inflammation-induced disruption of acinar and ductal epithelium. Of interest, there was no significant difference in experimental results between the physiological and supraphysiological doses of testosterone. In contrast, the magnitude of lymphocyte infiltration progressively increased in lacrimal glands of placebo-treated mice during the experimental time course. Testosterone therapy also significantly diminished immunopathology in the submandibular gland, but the extent of this effect was less than found in lacrimal tissue.

EXAMPLE II

Androgen impact on lacrimal gland immunopathology in the NZB/NZW F1 mouse model of Sj ogren's syndrome (48)

The objective of this investigation was to assess the efficacy of androgen treatment for lacrimal disease by utilizing another autoimmune, animal model (NZB/NZW F1 [F1] mouse) of Sj ogren's syndrome (52,59). As in humans, lacrimal glands of this mouse strain, which displays a fundamental B cell defect, harbor dense, lymphocytic aggregates (50,52), which contain a prevalence of B and helper T cells (58). Moreover, this murine disease is accompanied by focal destruction of acinar and ductal tissue and apparent ocular surface dryness (50,52). In contrast, immune dysfunction in the MLR/lpr model appears to have a different etiology and involves a basic, immunoregulatory disorder of T cells (47).

Autoimmune, female F1 mice were treated systemically with vehicle or varying concentrations of testosterone for 0, 17, 34 or 51 days after the onset of disease; again, the systemic route for hormone treatment was utilized because lacrimal tissue in F1 mice may not be accessed from the ocular surface. Results showed that the extent of lymphocyte infiltration increased dramatically in control mice during the experimental time course. However, testosterone administration induced a significant, time-dependent decrease in lymphocytic accumulation in the lacrimal gland. Following 34 to 51 days of androgen therapy, the magnitude of lymphocyte infiltration had been suppressed 22- to 46-fold, compared to that in placebo-treated tissue. This hormone effect was associated with significant reductions in the number of focal infiltrates, the area of individual foci and the total quantity of lymphocyte infiltration per lacrimal section. In certain groups, testosterone exposure also stimulated a rise in tear volumes, relative to those measured in the same mice prior to treatment. With few exceptions, the impact of physiological and supraphysiological testosterone treatment on lacrimal autoimmune expression in F1 mice was essentially identical, the supression of autoimmune disease.

EXAMPLE III

Effect of androgen therapy in Sj ogren's syndrome: hormonal influence on lymphocyte populations and Ia expression in lacrimal glands of MRL/lpr mice

Previous research demonstrated that androgen treatment dramatically curtails lymphocyte infiltration in lacrimal glands of mouse models of Sj ogren's syndrome. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this androgen action involves the selective suppression of specific lymphocyte populations or Class II antigen (i.e., Ia) expression in lacrimal tissue. Towards this end, autoimmune female MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr mice were administered placebo- or testosterone-containing compounds systemically for 0, 17 or 34 days after the onset of disease. Results showed that androgen exposure exerts both a quantitative and a qualitative influence on inflammatory cell populations in the lacrimal gland of MRL/lpr mice. Thus, testosterone, but not placebo, treatment induced a precipitous decrease in the total number of T cells, helper T cells, suppressor/cytotoxic T cells, Ia-positive lymphocytes and B cells. Androgen administration also significantly diminished the lacrimal density, as well as the frequency, of B220⁺ (i.e., possibly immature T) cells.

These findings, when compared with other observations (45,47, 48,56), suggest that testosterone's anti-inflammatory activity may be unique and lacrimal gland-specific. First, the androgen-induced immunosuppression in lacrimal tissue does not extend to peripheral lymph nodes (56,57), indicating that this steroid hormone does not cause a generalized depression in lymphocyte migration to, or proliferation in, systemic or mucosal sites. Second, testosterone exposure reduces the magnitude of lymphocytic infiltration in submandibular glands of MRL/lpr mice (47), but the nature of this hormonal influence may be unlike that found in lacrimal tissue, and the overall susceptibility of salivary focal infiltrates to androgens and pharmacological agents appears quite different from that found in lacrimal tissue (47). Third, androgens exert significant control over immunological functions in lacrimal glands, but not necessarily those of salivary or systemic tissues (45).

EXAMPLE IV

Impact of steroids and immunosuppressive agents on lacrimal autoimmune disease in the MRL/lpr mouse model of Sj ogren's syndrome

The objective of the following experiments was to determine whether other steroid hormones or immunosuppressive agents might duplicate the effect of testosterone on lacrimal gland autoimmunity. Female MRL/lpr mice were treated with systemic vehicle, steroids or immunosuppressive compounds for 21 days after disease onset. The pharmaceutical agents evaluated in this study included: (a) testosterone, which, has been shown to significantly reduce lacrimal gland inflammation; (b) 19-nortestosterone, an anabolic androgen with attenuated virilizing activity; (c) danazol, a synthetic steroid, which is utilized in the treatment of certain immune diseases in humans (81) and is known to diminish specific, peripheral immune defects in MRL/lpr mice (60); (d) 17B-estradiol, a female sex steroid, which has been hypothesized as a potential treatment for ocular disease in Sj ogren's syndrome (4); (e) a synthetic, non-androgenic steroid, which apparently suppresses lymphocyte infiltration in salivary glands of F1 mice and corrects other systemic autoimmune defects; (f) cyclosporine A, an anti-inflammatory agent, which ameliorates specific, peripheral immune dysfunctions in MRL/lpr mice (61) and has been proposed as an effective therapeutic agent for lacrimal disease and KCS in Sj ogren's syndrome (6); (g) dexamethasone, a potent anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid, that has been suggested as a possible therapeutic agent for lacrimal immunopathology in Sj ogren's syndrome (26); and (h) cyclophosphamide, an immunosuppressive agent, that decreases various autoimmune sequelae in systemic (83-85) and salivary (59,82) sites in MRL/lpr mice. The comparative results demonstrated that the suppressive influence of testosterone on focal infiltrate area, number of foci and percentage lymphocyte infiltration in lacrimal tissue was duplicated by the administration of the anabolic androgen, 19-nortestosterone, or cyclophosphamide, but not by therapy with estradiol, danazol, the synthetic non-androgenic steroid, cyclosporine A, or dexamethasone. In addition, testosterone, 19-nortestosterone and cyclophosphamide, as well as dexamethasone, reduced lymphocyte infiltration in the submandibular gland. However, neither androgen interfered with the pronounced inflammation of lymphatic tissues, including the spleen, and superior cervical and mesenteric lymph nodes. Androgen treatment alone also stimulated an increase in the lacrimal gland output of IgA antibodies into tears; these antibodies, which protect the ocular surface against bacterial colonization, vital attachment, parasitic infestation and fungal- or toxin-induced impairment (46), are typically diminished in mucosal sites in Sj ogren's syndrome (53).

Overall, these combined findings demonstrate that androgens, or their anabolic analogues, suppress autoimmune expression in lacrimal glands of animal models of Sj ogren's syndrome. Androgen action also appears to represent a tissue-specific response independent of generalized, systemic effects, thus justifying topical ocular therapeutic application. Cyclophosphamide, the only non-androgen to reduce lymphocyte infiltration in lacrimal tissue upon systemic administration, is not believed to be appropriate for topical therapy in humans because of its mode of action. This alkylating agent, which is thought to suppress autoimmune function by a direct modification of cellular DNA, must first be metabolized by the liver before becoming active. Therefore, cyclophosphamide would not be capable of local action upon topical application.

USE

Topical application of androgens or their analogues to patients with Sj ogren's syndrome or other autoimmune diseases of the lacrimal gland can directly suppress the immunopathological defects in accessory lacrimal tissue and the main lacrimal gland's palpebral lobe, which is adjacent to the ocular surface. Selection of the most appropriate therapeutic compounds will depend upon a given hormone's immunological activity, potential side effects and form of administration. For example, topical testosterone may be quite effective in reducing lacrimal inflammation, and its methylated analogue appears to have no toxic side effects on parameters such as intraocular pressure (87). However, utilization of testosterone as a pharmaceutical agent may be contraindicated: this hormone's metabolism, in various peripheral tissues, may involve aromatization to estrogens (86), which may exacerbate the ongoing autoimmune disease. In addition, with regards to administration, if the androgen is to be complexed to a carrier vehicle (e.g., hyaluronate), then a nitrogenated analogue might be indicated.

Therefore, the efficacy of a variety of modified and/or anabolic androgens in suppressing lacrimal gland autoimmune expression in female MRL/lpr mice was compared. Animals were administered vehicle or designated androgens systemically for 6 weeks after the onset of disease. The androgens examined in this test included: (a) testosterone; (b) dihydrotestosterone (also termed allodihydrotestosterone, androstano-lone, stanolone, 5α-dihydrostestosterone); (c) fluoxymesterone; (d) stanozolol; (e) nortestosterone propionate; (f) dehydroepi-androsterone (an androgen precursor, also termed androstenolone, dehydroisoandrosterone, DHEA, transdehydroandrosterone); (g) oxandrolone; (h) methyldihydrotestosterone (also termed methylandrostanolone); (i) oxymetholone; (j) 5α-androstan-17β-ol-3-oxime; (k) 5α-androstan-17α-ol-3-one-acetate; (l) 2,(5α)-androsten-17β-ol; (m) 5α-androstan-2α-methyl-17β-ol-3-one; and (n) methyltestosterone.

The rationale for comparing the immunological activity of this specific array of androgenic compounds was multifold:

First, these hormones are representative of the major structural subclasses of androgens, as disclosed in Vida (88), hereby incorporated by reference. The subclasses include (a) androgenic compounds with unusual structural features (e.g., 17α-methyl-17β-hydroxy-2-oxa-5α-androstan-3-one, also termed oxandrolone); (b) testosterone derivatives (e.g., methyltestosterone); (c) 4,5α-dihydrotestosterone derivatives (oxymetholone); (d) 17β-hydroxy-5α-androstane derivatives containing a ring A unsaturation, excluding testosterone derivatives (e.g., 2,(5α)-androsten-17β-ol); and (e) 19-nortestosterone derivatives (e.g., 19-nortestosterone propionate). It may be that certain structural features impart more optimal immunosuppressive characteristics, which would be of benefit in selecting specific androgens for human use.

Second, relative to standards (typically testosterone), these androgens include compounds displaying: (a) augmented androgenic (i.e., virilizing) activity coupled with an even larger increase in anabolic activity (e.g., fluoxymesterone); (b) enhanced anabolic^(L) action with unchanged androgenic effects (e.g., oxymetholone, dihydrotestosterone); (c) decreased androgenic ability with unchanged anabolic activity (e.g., 19-nortestosterone propionate); and (d) decreased androgenic capacity paralleled by increased anabolic activity (e.g., oxandrolone, stanozolol). Thus, the analysis should identify an androgen with far more anabolic, than virilizing, activity to be utilized for the treatment of ocular manifestations of Sj ogren's syndrome (e.g., oxandrolone possesses 322% of the anabolic and 24% of the androgenic activity of methyltestosterone (88)). Of course, it is possible that anabolic effects, per se, may not be involved in androgen suppression of lacrimal autoimmune symptoms. However, the results with 19-nortestosterone in MRL/lpr mice demonstrate that this anabolic androgen, which has significantly reduced androgenic activity in lacrimal tissue (89), was equally as effective as testosterone in abrogating lymphocyte infiltration in the lacrimal gland.

Third, these compounds contain a nitrogen-substituted androgen, 5α-androstan-17β-ol 3-oxime, which is created by the substitution of a nitrogen derivative for the 3-ketone function in dihydrotestosterone (very potent androgen) (88). This substitution does not inhibit androgen activity (88) and may permit steroid binding to hyaluronate for topical administration. Of interest, a variety of other nitrogenated androgens have been shown to express increased anabolic, but decreased androgenic, activity. These compounds typically contain 3-substitutions, but not nitrogen incorporation in the steroid ring structure, which appears to abolish androgen action (88).

The results of testing the effect of the representative compounds were that all androgen classes, whether parental, modified or anabolic analogue, were effective in suppressing lacrimal gland autoimmune expression, although to various degrees. With further routine additional testing, the most appropriate therapeutic compound for a specific application can be determined.

Androgen therapy, which can be administered in the form of drops (e.g., free hormone, or complexed with carrier substances, such as hyaluronate) or ointment, should not require frequent applications, considering the mechanism and duration of androgen/cell interactions. The administration of a specific compound would be by routine methods in pharmaceutically acceptable substances, including buffer solutions (e.g., phosphate buffered saline) or inert carrier compounds, to the ocular surface or adjacent regions of the eye. Optimal dosage and modes of administration can readily be determined by conventional protocols. This treatment can: (a) decrease lymphocyte infiltration in adjacent lacrimal tissue and thereby alleviate immune-mediated destruction, and lymphocyte compression, of acinar and ductal cells; (b) permit accessory and/or palpebral lacrimal glands to secrete basal tear volumes; it is estimated that a tear secretion rate of only 0.1 μl/minute (i.e., one-tenth of normal) could maintain a stable tear film under favorable conditions (1); and (c) make available regions of functional lacrimal tissue, that might respond to exogenous tear stimulants to enhance surface volume.

Topical administration of androgens would avoid the numerous side effects of parallel systemic exposure to these hormones, including virilization, menstrual irregularities (e.g. amenorrhea), hepatic dysfunction, edema, hematologic abnormalities, behavioral changes and metabolic alterations. In addition, the therapeutic augmentation of basal tear secretion could allow the use of visual aids, such as contact lenses, in the Sj ogren's syndrome or other autoimmune patient population.

While the present invention has been described in conjunction with a preferred embodiment, one of ordinary skill, after reading the foregoing specification, will be able to effect various changes, substitutions of equivalents, and other alterations to the compositions and methods set forth herein. It is therefore intended that the protection granted by Letters Patent hereon be limited only by the definitions contained in the appended claims and equivalents thereof.

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What is claimed is:
 1. A method for treating keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) comprisingproviding a therapeutic agent comprising a therapeutically effective amount of an androgen or androgen analogue that has androgenic effectiveness and not estrogen effectiveness in topical application, said androgen or androgen analogue being in a pharmaceutically acceptable substance, and administering said therapeutic agent topically to the ocular surface or immediate vicinity of an eye of a patient.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein in said administering step, said therapeutic agent is applied to the ocular surface of the eye.
 3. The method of claim 1 wherein in said administering step, said therapeutic agent is applied to a region of the eye adjacent the ocular surface.
 4. The method of claim 1 wherein in said providing step, said pharmaceutically acceptable substance comprises hyaluronate.
 5. The method of claim 1 wherein in said providing step, said pharmaceutically acceptable substance comprises phosphate buffered saline.
 6. The method of claim 1 wherein said androgen or androgen analogue is from a structural subclass of androgens comprising androgenic compounds with unusual structural features.
 7. The method of claim 6 wherein said androgen or androgen analogue is 17α-methyl-17β-hydroxy-2-oxa-5α-androstan-3-one.
 8. The method of claim 1 wherein said androgen or androgen analogue is a testosterone derivative.
 9. The method of claim 1 wherein said androgen or androgen analogue is a 4,5α-dihydrotestosterone derivative.
 10. The method of claim 1 wherein said androgen or androgen analogue is a 17β-hydroxy-5α-androstane derivative containing a ring A unsaturation.
 11. The method of claim 1 wherein said androgen or androgen analogue is a 19-nortestosterone derivative.
 12. The method of claim 1 wherein said androgen or androgen analogue is a nitrogen-substituted androgen. 